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- Copyright 1992 The New York Times Company
- The New York Times
- June 17, 1992, Wednesday, Late Edition - Final
-
- SECTION: Section D; Page 2; Column 1; Financial Desk
- LENGTH: 823 words
- HEADLINE: Economic Scene; Less Marijuana, More Alcohol?
- BYLINE: By Peter Passell
-
- BODY:
- WHAT do teen-agers do when they are priced out of the market for marijuana?
-
- Some, presumably, take oboe lessons or join the 4-H Club. But others look for
- solace in less wholesome pursuits. And, surprisingly, economists may have more
- to say on the subject than toilers in the fields of psychology or criminology.
-
- Drug policy is grounded on the premise that illicit drugs are birds of a
- feather -- that reducing the availability of one decreases the consumption of
- others. But economists who measure the demand for illicit substances the way,
- say, Exxon analyzes the demand for grades of gasoline, challenge this
- conventional wisdom. Their identification of a strong substitution effect
- between marijuana and alcohol suggests that the full court press against the
- weed is partly responsible for stubbornly high levels of binge drinking by
- teen-agers.
-
- According to the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research, the
- proportion of high school seniors regularly using marijuana fell to 14
- percent last year, barely one-third the rate reported in 1978. Their use of
- alcohol has been on the wane, too, slipping by a fourth since the late 1970's.
-
- This might seem proof that alcohol and marijuana drugs are complements --
- more like bread and jam than cake and pie. But simple correlation cannot
- account for the slew of factors that influence drug consumption over time and
- place.
-
- That is where a yet-to-be-published study by John DiNardo of the University
- of California at Irvine and Thomas Lemieux of Princeton fits in. Their work,
- supported by the Rand Corporation and the National Institute of Alcoholism and
- Alcohol Abuse, focuses on the mid-1980's, when the threat of losing Federal
- highway aid forced states to adopt a uniform minimum drinking age. In 1980, 1/2
- the states had minimum drinking ages ranging from 18 to 20. Eight years later,
- all states were up to age 21.
-
- The two economists estimated demand curves for marijuana and alcohol, using
- a variety of data that might influence consumption -- everything from parents'
- education to unemployment rates -- to isolate the effect of drinking sanctions.
- The good news is that the higher "price" for alcohol -- that is, the greater
- difficulty of obtaining it -- reduced drinking. The bad news: Other factors
- being equal, raising the drinking age from 18 to 21 increased the proportion of
- high school seniors who smoked marijuana by an estimated 10 percent.
-
- To Peter Reuter, an economist at Rand, this conclusion is most interesting
- for what it implies about marijuana policy in the 1980's. If marijuana is a
- substitute for alcohol, he notes, alcohol is, by definition, a substitute for
- marijuana. Thus tough marijuana enforcement must increase drinking. And,
- indeed, another new study for the National Bureau of Economic Research by Karen
- Model suggests Mr. Reuter is on the mark.
-
- Ms. Model, a Ph.D. candidate at Harvard, examined the impact of marijuana
- decriminalization on hospital emergency room admissions for drug abuse reported
- to the Federal Drug Abuse Warning Network in the mid-1970's. And as the
- substitution hypothesis would suggest, Ms. Model found that emergency room
- episodes related to drugs other than marijuana were 12 percent lower in the
- states that had decriminalized the weed. Lowering the effective "price" of
- marijuana, she concluded, reduced the abuse of other substances.
-
- The data did not allow Ms. Model to isolate alcohol emergencies from those
- caused by the use of heroin, cocaine or prescription chemicals. But Ms. Model
- believes alcohol is far and away the most likely drug replaced by marijuana.
- Both alcohol and marijuana were widely seen by users as "soft" recreational
- drugs, in contrast to, say, cocaine, heroin or LSD.
-
- Marijuana and alcohol use are both down; why, then, worry? Because the
- level of teen-age alcohol abuse remains remarkably high.
-
- In 1991, some 30 percent of high school seniors reported having had five or
- more drinks in a row sometime in the previous two weeks. The comparable figure
- for college students (almost all of whom had to break the law to obtain alcohol
- is 43 percent -- and there is no downward trend.
-
- To those who focus on the risk of accidental injury and other medical crises,
- heavy drinking seems a more serious worry than marijuana. Ms. Model found that
- other factors equal, states decriminalizing marijuana reported lower overall
- rates of drug- and alcohol-related emergencies.
-
- And while both substances have been implicated in auto accidents, Frank
- Chaloupka, an economist at the Chicago campus of the University of Illinois,
- believes that substitution toward marijuana is, on balance, a life saver. In a
- statistical analysis that parallels Ms. Model's, he found that states without
- criminal sanctions against marijuana possession suffered fewer auto
- fatalities.
-
- "If the choice is more marijuana use or more dead teen-agers," Mr. Reuter
- concludes, "the choice is easy."
-
- [end of article]
-
- Maybe someone can post the two responses that were printed in the
- op-ed column today (6/30): one from a former cop and one from a
- liquor industry rep.
-
- =============
- RoN
- v113mg59@ubvms
-
- =============================================================================
-
- The Oregonian
- 31-Mar-91
-
- Demon Rum, Not Drugs, Major Evil on Campus
- ------------------------------------------
-
- By Brooke A. Masters and Lisa Leff
- L.A. Times-Washington Post Service
-
- Say "Party" on most area college campuses, and rather than drugs,
- most students think of alcohol--a Saturday night quest for a keg not
- yet run dry.
-
- In spite of publicity surrounding the recent drug raid at the
- University of Virginia, alcohol abuse, and related instances of
- Vandalism, drunk driving and date rape, remains a far greater problem
- than drugs on most campuses, students and administrators say.
-
- "Alcohol is an always has been the single largest problem we
- confront in terms of students' behavioral issues ... The other drugs
- are there, but the one that creates the most difficulties is alcohol,"
- said Ken Bumgarner, dean for student services at George Mason
- University.
-
- At Towson State University in Maryland, a study found that
- alcohol--not drugs--was a factor in 98 percent of the cases where
- students were brought up on conduct violations. At Virginia Tech, 50
- percent of 755 student judicial cases were alcohol-related, while only
- three cases were drug-related, spokesman David Nutter said.
-
- Virginia's associate dean of students, Sybil R. Todd, who works
- with victims for date rape, said alcohol has been involved "in every
- instance" of date rape on campus. "I don't know (of any date rapes
- that) involved hallucinogens," she said.
-
- "There's almost no relationship between other drugs (besides
- alcohol) and unwanted sex or property damage," said Randolph J.
- Canterbury, of Virginia's institute for substance-abuse studies.
- "When people smoke marijuana ... they don't become aggressive. If
- anything, they fall asleep."
-
- National surveys show illicit drug use among college students is at
- its lowest level in 15 years, although marijuana, hallucinogens and
- cocaine can still be found on area campuses.
-
- A 1990 survey found only 15 percent of college students reported
- using any illegal drug in the past month down from 38 percent in 1980,
- according to the University of Michigan's Institute for Social
- Research.
-
- Three-quarters of college students reported monthly alcohol use in
- 1980, compared to four-fifths in 1980.
-
- Said George Washington University junior Matthew Howard, who keeps
- a bottle of vodka beside his skin lotion: "We party hard here. Nine
- out of 10 of my fraternity brothers could be classified (alcoholics)
- the way AA defines alcoholics."
-
- A week after the University of Virginia, which netted some
- marijuana, LSD and hallucinogenic mushrooms from three fraternity
- houses, the party scene in Charlottesville seemed to have drifted back
- to normal on a recent spring evening.
-
- Students--most of the carrying dripping plastic cups and beer
- cans--wove their way up Rugby Road. Some headed for the Phi Delta
- Theta house, where the party theme was "Heaven and Hell"--hell being
- shots in the basement, heaven being mixed drinks upstairs.
-
- Alcohol is readily available on campuses, purchased by underage
- students carrying false identification or legally by older students
- for younger ones.
-
- At fraternity parties and at many bars, students say those in
- charge go through the motions of checking identification, but then turn
- a blind eye.
-
- Virginia Gov. L. Douglas Wilder demanded last week that university
- authorities assert more control over behavior in fraternities. And on
- Friday. Virginia President John T. Casteen III announced that the
- university will require all fraternities and sororities to make
- commitments in the areas of sexual assault, hazing and consumption of
- alcohol by minors.
-
- Although alcohol is endemic across the spectrum of student life,
- drug use tends to be acceptable in some crowds but taboo in others,
- said counselors and students contacted during and informal survey of
- area campuses.
-